Threading¶

This module define classes used in high-level threaded programming.

Zerynth VM offers native low-level primitives for multithreaded programming that can be difficult to use. This module abstracts such primitives to make them easy to use:

• Thread()

• Lock()

• Semaphore()

• Event()

• Condition()

Thread Objects¶

The Thread() class represents an activity that is run in a separate thread of control. There are two ways to specify the activity: by passing a callable object to the constructor, or by overriding the run() method in a subclass. No other methods (except for the constructor) should be overridden in a subclass. In other words, only override the __init__() and run() methods of this class.

Once a thread object is created, its activity must be started by calling the thread’s start() method. This invokes the run() method in a separate thread of control.

Once the thread’s activity is started, the thread is considered ‘alive’. It stops being alive when its run() method terminates – either normally, or by raising an unhandled exception. The is_alive() method tests whether the thread is alive. The attribute exc is the exception generated by the run() method or None.

Other threads can call a thread’s join() method. This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is called is terminated.

A thread has a name. The name can be passed to the constructor, and read or changed through the name attribute.

A thread has also an id. The id is determined after start() is called and can be accessed through ident.

Thread class¶

Thread(target=None, name=None, args=())

This constructor should always be called with keyword arguments. Arguments are:

target is the callable object to be invoked by the run() method. Defaults to None, meaning nothing is called.

name is the thread name. By default, a unique name is constructed of the form “Thread-N” where N is the thread id.

args is the argument tuple for the target invocation. Defaults to ().

If the subclass overrides the constructor, it must make sure to invoke the base class constructor (Thread.__init__()) before doing anything else to the thread.

start(prio = PRIO_NORMAL, size=512)

Start the thread’s activity.

It must be called at most once per thread object. It arranges for the object’s run() method to be invoked in a separate thread of control.

This method will raise a RuntimeError if called more than once on the same thread object. prio and size are used to set the thread priority and the stack size.

run()

Method representing the thread’s activity.

You may override this method in a subclass. The standard run() method invokes the callable object passed to the object’s constructor as the target argument, if any, with sequential arguments taken from the args argument.

join(timeout=-1)

Wait until the thread terminates. This blocks the calling thread until the thread whose join() method is called terminates – either normally or through an unhandled exception –, or until the optional timeout occurs.

When the timeout argument is present and not less than zero, it should be a integer number specifying a timeout for the operation in milliseconds. As join() always returns None, you must call is_alive() after join() to decide whether a timeout happened – if the thread is still alive, the join() call timed out.

When the timeout argument is not present or less than zero, the operation will block until the thread terminates.

A thread can be join()ed many times.

is_alive()

Return whether the thread is alive.

This method returns True just before the run() method starts until just after the run() method terminates.

name()

A string used for identification purposes only. It has no semantics. Multiple threads may be given the same name. The initial name is set by the constructor.

ident()

The ‘thread identifier’ of this thread or None if the thread has not been started. This is a non negative integer. Thread identifiers may be recycled when a thread exits and another thread is created. The identifier is available even after the thread has exited.

Lock class¶

Lock()

A Lock object can be in two states: locked or unlocked. When a Lock object is created it starts unlocked.

A thread can try to lock a Lock object:

• if the Lock object is already locked the thread will block until the Lock object is unlocked by some other thread.

• if the Lock object is unlocked, it becomes locked and the thread continues execution.

A thread can also try to unlock a Lock object that it had previously locked:

• if no other threads are waiting for the Lock object to become unlocked, the Lock object becomes unlocked

• if one or more threads are waiting for the Lock object to become unlocked, one of them is selected and can continue from where it left. All the other waiting threads remain blocked. The Lock object remains locked.

Lock object are tipically used to gain exclusive access to a resource:

import streams
import threading

# open a serial port: our resource
streams.serial("ser1")
# create a lock
lock = threading.Lock()

# define a function to be launched as a thread
def threadfun(msg):
    while True:
        # if it's unlocked, lock it and continue printing. Else wait.
        lock.acquire()
        print(msg)
        # unlock and allow another thread to call the print
        lock.release()

# launch thread 1
thread(threadfun,"Hello")

# launch thread 2
thread(threadfun,"World")

Both threads in the example will compete to call print(msg). The Lock object ensure that while one thread is printing on the serial port, the other one is blocked, waiting for the message to be printed.

acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)

Acquire a lock, blocking or non-blocking.

When invoked with the blocking argument set to True (the default), block until the lock is unlocked, then set it to locked and return True.

When invoked with the blocking argument set to False, do not block. If a call with blocking set to True would block, return False immediately; otherwise, set the lock to locked and return True.

When invoked with the integer timeout argument set to a positive value, block for at most the number of milliseconds specified by timeout and as long as the lock cannot be acquired. A timeout argument of -1 specifies an unbounded wait. It is forbidden to specify a timeout when blocking is false.

The return value is True if the lock is acquired successfully, False if not (for example if the timeout expired).

release()

Release a lock. This can be called from any thread, not only the thread which has acquired the lock.

When the lock is locked, reset it to unlocked, and return. If any other threads are blocked waiting for the lock to become unlocked, allow exactly one of them to proceed.

Semaphore class¶

Semaphore(value=1)

This class implements semaphore objects. A semaphore manages a counter representing the number of release() calls minus the number of acquire() calls, plus an initial value. The acquire() method blocks if necessary until it can return without making the counter negative. If not given, value defaults to 1.

The optional argument gives the initial value for the internal counter; it defaults to 1. If the value given is less than 0, ValueErroris raised.

acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)

Acquire a semaphore.

When invoked without arguments: if the internal counter is larger than zero on entry, decrement it by one and return immediately. If it is zero on entry, block, waiting until some other thread has called release() to make it larger than zero. This is done with proper interlocking so that if multiple acquire() calls are blocked, release() will wake exactly one of them up. The implementation may pick one at random, so the order in which blocked threads are awakened should not be relied on. Returns true (or blocks indefinitely).

When invoked with blocking set to false, do not block. If a call without an argument would block, return false immediately; otherwise, do the same thing as when called without arguments, and return true.

When invoked with a timeout other than -1, it will block for at most timeout milliseconds. If acquire does not complete successfully in that interval, return false. Return true otherwise.

release()

Release a semaphore, incrementing the internal counter by one. When it was zero on entry and another thread is waiting for it to become larger than zero again, wake up that thread.

Event class¶

Event()

Class implementing event objects. An event manages a flag that can be set to true with the set() method and reset to false with the clear() method. The wait() method blocks until the flag is true. The flag is initially false.

set()

Set the internal flag to true. All threads waiting for it to become true are awakened. Threads that call wait() once the flag is true will not block at all.

is_set()

Return true if and only if the internal flag is true.

clear()

Reset the internal flag to false. Subsequently, threads calling wait() will block until set() is called to set the internal flag to true again.

wait(timeout=-1)

Block until the internal flag is true. If the internal flag is true on entry, return immediately. Otherwise, block until another thread calls set() to set the flag to true, or until the optional timeout occurs.

When the timeout argument is present and >0, it should be an integer number specifying a timeout for the operation in milliseconds.

This method returns true if and only if the internal flag has been set to true, either before the wait call or after the wait starts, so it will always return True except if a timeout is given and the operation times out.

Condition Objects¶

A condition variable is always associated with some kind of lock; this can be passed in or one will be created by default. Passing one in is useful when several condition variables must share the same lock. The lock is part of the condition object: you don’t have to track it separately.

A condition variable must be locked with acquire() before any other method can be called, and unlocked with release() when done calling methods.

The wait() method releases the lock, and then blocks until another thread awakens it by calling notify() or notify_all(). Once awakened, wait() re-acquires the lock and returns. It is also possible to specify a timeout.

The notify() method wakes up one of the threads waiting for the condition variable, if any are waiting. The notify_all() method wakes up all threads waiting for the condition variable.

Note: the notify() and notify_all() methods don’t release the lock; this means that the thread or threads awakened will not return from their wait() call immediately, but only when the thread that called notify() or notify_all() finally relinquishes ownership of the lock.

The typical programming style using condition variables uses the lock to synchronize access to some shared state; threads that are interested in a particular change of state call wait() repeatedly until they see the desired state, while threads that modify the state call notify() or notify_all() when they change the state in such a way that it could possibly be a desired state for one of the waiters. For example, the following code is a generic producer-consumer situation with unlimited buffer capacity:

# Consume one item
cv.acquire()
while not an_item_is_available():
    cv.wait()
    get_an_available_item()
cv.release()

# Produce one item
cv.acquire()
make_an_item_available()
cv.notify()
cv.release()

The while loop checking for the application’s condition is necessary because wait() can return after an arbitrary long time, and the condition which prompted the notify() call may no longer hold true. This is inherent to multi-threaded programming. The wait_for() method can be used to automate the condition checking, and eases the computation of timeouts:

# Consume an item
cv.acquire()
cv.wait_for(an_item_is_available)
get_an_available_item()
cv.release()

To choose between notify() and notify_all(), consider whether one state change can be interesting for only one or several waiting threads. E.g. in a typical producer-consumer situation, adding one item to the buffer only needs to wake up one consumer thread.

The order of awakened threads may correspond to the order of wait in a fifo style, but this is not guaranteed for every VM.

Condition class¶

Condition(lock=None)

This class implements condition variable objects. A condition variable allows one or more threads to wait until they are notified by another thread.

If the lock argument is given and not None, it must be a Lock() object, and it is used as the underlying lock. Otherwise, a new Lock() object is created and used as the underlying lock.

acquire(blocking=True, timeout=-1)

Acquire the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; the return value is whatever that method returns.

release()

Release the underlying lock. This method calls the corresponding method on the underlying lock; there is no return value.

wait(timeout=-1)

Wait until notified or until a timeout occurs. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised.

This method releases the underlying lock, and then blocks until it is awakened by a notify() or notify_all() call for the same condition variable in another thread, or until the optional timeout occurs. Once awakened or timed out, it re-acquires the lock and returns.

When the timeout argument is present and not less than zero, it should be a integer number specifying a timeout for the operation in milliseconds.

The return value is True unless a given timeout expired, in which case it is False.

wait_for(predicate, timeout=-1)

Wait until a condition evaluates to True. predicate should be a callable which result will be interpreted as a boolean value. A timeout may be provided giving the maximum time to wait.

This utility method may call wait() repeatedly until the predicate is satisfied, or until a timeout occurs. The return value is the last return value of the predicate and will evaluate to False if the method timed out.

Ignoring the timeout feature, calling this method is roughly equivalent to writing:

while not predicate():
    cv.wait()

Therefore, the same rules apply as with wait(): The lock must be held when called and is re-acquired on return. The predicate is evaluated with the lock held.

notify(n=1)

By default, wake up one thread waiting on this condition, if any. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised.

This method wakes up at most n of the threads waiting for the condition variable; it is a no-op if no threads are waiting.

The current implementation wakes up exactly n threads, if at least n threads are waiting.

notify_all()

Wake up all threads waiting on this condition. This method acts like notify(), but wakes up all waiting threads instead of one. If the calling thread has not acquired the lock when this method is called, a RuntimeError is raised.